造价入门之七--混凝土模板
<img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/oMlX8Lll9JiaLQfheBm3vJLThXT9eyA8Zcf91gFuib2uCLiapFQoIuDMGlIwoDN6cFB2coPGkD9DLF6GOpicYMFOdA/640?tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" style="width: 100%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/oMlX8Lll9JgqMVy0icaicmkPIicGh1kKicUJ4lztgzav2eEp1ibopuez43v4wMW2IPeE2kXrXXJq9Oibic3J0icpxsaCBg/640?tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 100%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;">一、模板</p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">(一)</span></span></strong><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">现浇混凝土构件模板</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">1. </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">现浇混凝土构件模板,除另有规定者外,均按模板与混凝土的接触面积(扣除后浇带所占面积)计算。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">2. </span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">基础</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">(1) </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">有肋式带形基础,肋高(指基础扩大顶面至梁顶面的高)小于等于</span>1.2m时,合并计算;大于1.2m时,基础底板模板按无肋带形基础项目计算,扩大顶面以上部分模板按混凝土墙项目计算。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">(2) </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">圆弧形带形基础模板执行带形基础相应项目,人工、材料、机械乘以系数</span>1.15。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">(3) </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">独立基础:高度从垫层上表面计算到柱基上表面。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">(4) </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">满堂基础:无梁式满堂基础有扩大或角锥形柱墩时,并入无梁式满堂基础内计算。有梁式满堂基础梁高(从板面或板底计算,梁高不含板厚)小于等于</span>1.2m时,基础和梁合并计算;大于1.2m时,底板按无梁式满堂基础模板项目计算,梁按混凝土墙模板项目计算。箱式满堂基础应分别按无梁式满堂基础、柱、墙、梁、板的有关规定计算。地下室底板按无梁式满堂基础模板项目计算。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">(5) </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">满堂基础模板已包括集水井模板杯壳。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">(6) </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">满堂基础下翻构件的砖胎膜,砖胎膜中砌体执行砖基础相应项目;</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">(7) </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">独立桩承台执行独立基础项目;带形桩承台执行带形基础项目;与满堂基础相连的桩承台、执行满堂基础项目。高杯基础杯口高度大于杯口大边长度</span>3倍以上时,杯口高度部分执行柱项目,杯形基础执行</span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">独立基础</span></span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">项目。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">(8) </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">设备基础:块体设备基础按不同体积,分别计算模板工程量。框架设备基础应分别按基础、柱以及墙的相应项目计算;楼层面上的设备基础并入梁、板项目计算,如在同一设备基础中部分为块体,部分为框架时,应分别计算。框架设备基础的柱模板高度应由底板或柱基的上表面算至板的下表面;梁的长度按净长计算,梁的悬臂部分应并人梁内计算。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">(9) </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">设备基础地脚螺栓套孔以不同深度以数量计算。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">3. </span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">柱</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">(1) </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">异形柱,是指柱的断面形状为:</span>L形、+字形、T形、Z形的柱。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">(2) </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">柱模板如遇弧形和异形组合时,执行圆柱项目。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">(3) </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">构造柱均应按图示外露部分计算模板面积。带马牙槎构造柱的宽度按马牙槎处的宽度计算。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">(4) </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">柱面对拉螺栓堵眼增加费,执行墙面螺栓堵眼增加费项目,柱面螺栓堵眼人工、机械乘以系数</span>0.3</span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">4. </span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">墙</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">(1) </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">现浇混凝土墙、板上单孔面积在</span>0.3m²以内的孔洞,不予扣除,洞侧壁模板亦不增加;单孔面积在0.3m²以外时,应予扣除,洞侧壁模板面积并入墙、板模板工程量以内计算。对拉螺栓堵眼增加费按墙面、柱面、梁面模板接触面分别计算工程量。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">(2) </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">附墙柱突出墙面部分按柱工程量计算、暗梁、暗柱并入墙内工程量计算。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">(3) </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">短肢剪力墙是指截面厚度</span>≤300mm,各肢截面高度与厚度之比的最大值>4但≤8的剪力墙;各肢截面高度与厚度之比的最大值≤4的剪力墙执行柱项目。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">(4) </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">外墙设计采用一次摊销止水螺杆方式支模时,将对拉螺栓材料换为止水螺杆,其消耗量按对拉螺栓数量乘以系数</span>12,取消塑料套管消耗量,其余不变。墙面模板未考虑定位支撑因素。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">(5) </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">屋面混凝土女儿墙高度</span>>1.2m时执行相应墙项目,≤1.2m时执行相应栏板项目。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">5. </span><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">梁、板</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">(1) </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">异形</span></span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">梁</span></span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">,是指</span></span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">梁</span></span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">的断面形状为:</span>L形、+字形、T形、Z形的</span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">梁</span></span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">(2) </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">梁面对拉螺栓堵眼增加费,执行墙面螺栓堵眼增加费项目,梁面螺栓堵眼人工、机械乘以系数</span>0.35。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">(3) </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">板或拱形结构按板顶平均高度确定支模高度,电梯井壁按建筑物自然层层高确定支模高度。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">(4) </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">斜梁(板)是按坡度</span>>10°且≤30°综合考虑。斜梁(板)坡度在10°以内的执行梁、板项目;坡度30°以上、45°以内时人工乘以系数1.05;坡度45°以上、60°以内时人工乘以系数1.10;坡度在60°以上时人工乘以系数1.20。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">(5) </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">混凝土梁、板均分别计算执行相应项目,混凝土板适用于截面厚度</span>≤250mm;板中暗梁并人板内计算;墙、梁弧形且半径≤9m时,执行弧形墙、梁项目。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">(6) </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">现浇空心板执行平板项目,内模安装另行计算。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">(7) </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">薄壳板模板不分筒式、球形、双曲形等,均执行同一项目。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">(8) </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">挑檐、天沟与板(包括屋面板、楼板)连接时,以外墙外边线为分界线;与梁(包括圈梁等)连接时,以梁外边线为分界线;外墙外边线以外或梁外边线以外为挑檐、天沟。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">(9) </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">挑檐、天沟壁高度</span>≤400mm,执行挑檐项目;挑檐、天沟壁高度>400mm时,按全高执行栏板项目。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">(10) </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">现浇混凝土悬挑板、雨篷、阳台按图示外挑部分尺寸的水平投影面积计算。挑出墙外的悬臂梁及板边不另计算</span></span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">(11) </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">现浇混凝土阳台板、雨蓬板按三面悬挑形式编制,如一面是弧形栏板且半径</span>≤9m时,执行圆弧形阳台板、雨蓬板项目;如非三面悬挑形式的阳台、雨篷,则执行梁、板相应项目。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">(12) </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">混凝土栏板高度(含压顶扶手及翻沿),净高按</span>1.2m以内考虑,超1.2m时执行相应墙项目。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">(13) </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">预制板间补现浇板缝执行平板项目。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">(14) </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">现浇飘窗板、空调板执行悬挑板项目。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">6. </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">柱、梁、墙、板、栏板相互连接的重叠部分,均不扣除模板面积。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">7. </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">现浇混凝土柱(不含构造柱)、墙、梁(不含圈、过梁)、板是按高度(板面或地面、垫层面至上层板面的高度)</span>3.6m综合考虑的。如遇斜板面结构时,柱分别按各柱的中心高度为准;墙按分段墙的平均高度为准;框架梁按每跨两端的支座平均高度为准;板(含梁板合计的梁)按高点与低点的平均高度为准。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">8. </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">现浇砼柱、墙、梁、板高度超过</span>3.6m时每超过1m</span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">增加模板</span></span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">钢支撑,超高部分工程量按整体工程量计算,不足</span>1m按1m计。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">9. </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">现浇混凝土楼梯(包括休息平台、平台梁、斜梁和楼层板的连接的梁),按水平投影面积计算。不扣除宽度小于</span>500mm楼梯井所占面积,楼梯的踏步、踏步板、平台梁等侧面模板不另行计算,伸入墙内部分亦不增加。当整体楼梯与现浇楼板无梯梁连接时,以楼梯的最后一个踏步边缘加300mm为界。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">10. </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">楼梯是按建筑物一个自然层双跑楼梯考虑,如单坡直行楼梯(即一个自然层、无休息平台)按相应项目人工、材料、机械乘以系数</span>1.2;三跑楼梯(即一个自然层、两个休息平台)按相应项目人工、材料、机械乘以系数0.9;四跑楼梯(即一个自然层、三个休息平台)按相应项目人工、材料、机械乘以系数0.75。剪刀楼梯执行单坡直行楼梯相应系数。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">11. </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">混凝土台阶不包括梯带,按图示台阶尺寸的水平投影面积计算,台阶端头两侧不另计算模板面积;架空式混凝土台阶按现浇楼梯计算;场馆看台按设计图示尺寸,以水平投影面积计算。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">12. </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">凸出混凝土柱、梁、墙面的线条,并入相应构件内计算,再按凸出的线条道数执行模板增加费项目;但单独窗台板、拦板扶手、墙上压顶的单阶挑沿不另计算模板增加费;其他单阶线条凸出宽度大于</span>200mm的执行挑檐项目。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">13. </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">凸出的线条模板增加费,以凸出棱线的道数分别按长度</span></span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">计</span></span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">算,两条及多条线条相互之间净距小于</span>100mm的,每两条按一条计算。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">14. </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">后浇带按模板与后浇带的接触面积计算。模板分组合钢模板、大钢模板、复合模板、木模板,定额未注明模板类型的,均按木模板考虑。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">15. </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">与主体结构不同时浇捣的厨房、卫生间等处墙体下部现浇混凝土翻边的模板执行圈梁相应项目。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">16. </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">散水模板执行垫层相应项目。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">17. </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">外形尺寸体积在</span>1m³以内的独立池槽执行小型构件项目,1m³以上的独立池槽及与建筑物相连的梁、板、墙结构式水池,分别执行梁、板、墙相应项目。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">18. </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">小型构件是指单件体积</span>0.1m³以内且本节未列项目的小型构件。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">19. </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">当设计要求为清水混凝土模板时,执行相应模板项目,并作如下调整:复合模板材料换算为镜面胶合板,机械不变,其人工按下表增加工日。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">清水混凝土模板增加工日表</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">单位:100m²</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">项目</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">柱</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">梁</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">墙</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">板</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">矩形柱</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">圆</span><span style="color: green;">形柱</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">异形柱</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">矩形梁</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">异形梁</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">弧形、拱形梁</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">直形墙、弧形墙、电梯井壁墙</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">短肢剪力墙</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">有梁板、无梁板、平板</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">工日</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">4</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">5.2</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">6.2</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">5</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">5.2</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">5.8</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">3</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">2.4</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">4</span></p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/oMlX8Lll9JgqMVy0icaicmkPIicGh1kKicUJ4lztgzav2eEp1ibopuez43v4wMW2IPeE2kXrXXJq9Oibic3J0icpxsaCBg/640?tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 100%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;">二、预制混凝土构件模板</p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">预制混凝土模板按模板与混凝土的接触面积计算,地模不计算接触面积。预制构件地模的摊销,已包括在预制构件的模板中。</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/8pp3tfKe70Fd8XibrXFGg4ltwsPFXYRPDVj4QBAoun7WdlwNg4TibqzaI0BXWicib1LrXSX5sUAT7icRereaiaEXYg3w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 100%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
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