硅酸盐水泥基础知识
<img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/JaFvPvvA2J0w2lNAxmia6z2JwV1CaBpetibEFuH2sNTqxZ4hY5JBkFlQt71fNvxH7ZpiaUHj8lIG6V1T1whgHHiasA/640?wx_fmt=gif&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" style="width: 100%; margin-bottom: 20px;">点击蓝字 关注我们<span style="color: green;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: green;">一、什么叫水泥</span></strong></span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">水硬性凝材料在拌水后既能在空气中以能在水中硬化，通常</span><span style="color: green;">称为水泥（广义）</span></span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">。如硅酸盐水泥、铝酸盐水泥、</span>硫铝酸盐水泥<span style="color: green;">等。</span></span><span style="color: green;">非水硬性的胶凝材料不能在水中硬化，而只能在空气中硬</span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">化，故称为</span>气硬性胶凝材料<span style="color: green;">。</span></span><span style="color: green;">如石灰、石膏等。</span><span style="color: green;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: green;">二、水泥的定义和分类</span></strong></span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">凡细磨成粉未状，加入适量水后可成为塑性浆体，既能在空</span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">气中硬化，又能在水中硬化，并能将砂、石等材料牢固地胶结在一起的</span>水硬性胶凝材料<span style="color: green;">。</span></span></span><span style="color: green;">按用途分：通用水泥、专用水泥、特性水泥（ 抗硫酸盐水泥）。</span><span style="color: green;">按其主要水硬性物质名称分为: 硅酸盐水泥系列、硫铝酸盐</span><span style="color: green;">水泥系列、铝酸盐水泥系列、铁铝酸盐水泥系列、氟铝酸盐水泥</span><span style="color: green;">系列、其他系列六大类。</span><span style="color: green;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: green;">三、硅酸盐系列水泥</span></strong></span><span style="color: green;">我们公司目前生产的水泥均属硅酸盐系列水泥，其主要成份</span><span style="color: green;">为硅酸盐水泥矿物。</span><span style="color: green;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">四、</span>硅酸盐水泥熟料<span style="color: green;">的化学组成</span></span></strong></span><span style="color: green;">硅酸盐水泥熟料的主要化学组成为氧化钙（CaO），一般范围</span><span style="color: green;">为62-67%；</span><span style="color: green;">二氧化硅<span style="color: green;">（SiO</span></span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;">），一般范围为20-24%；</span><span style="color: green;">三氧化二铝</span><span style="color: green;">（Al</span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;">O</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;">） 一般范围为4-7%；</span><span style="color: green;">三氧化二铁（Fe</span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;">O</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;">），一般范围为</span><span style="color: green;">2.5-6%。</span><span style="color: green;">这四种氧化物组成通常在熟料中占95%以上，同时含有</span><span style="color: green;">5%以下的少数氧化物，如氧化镁（MgO）、三氧化硫（SO</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;">）、氧化</span><span style="color: green;">钛（TiO</span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;">）、氧化磷（P</span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;">O</span><span style="color: green;">5</span><span style="color: green;">）以及碱（K</span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;">O、Na</span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;">O）等。</span><span style="color: green;">这四种氧化物构成水泥熟料的最主要的化学成分。它们在水</span><span style="color: green;">泥熟料生产中是按一定含量和一定比例进行配比生产的。配比不恰当，都会直接影响到熟料的质量进而影响到水泥的质量。如熟料中若CaO含量过高，则CaO不能充分与硅酸性氧化物化合，部分呈现游离状态存在于熟料中，成“死烧状态”。这种</span><span style="color: green;">“死烧状态” 的氧化钙，其水化作用非常缓慢，常发生在水泥凝结硬化过程之后的水泥石中，致使水泥石膨胀变形、破裂。</span><span style="color: green;">如氧化铝和氧化铁，它们是熟料烧成过程中产生液相的主要氧化物，如果它们的含量过高，则产生的液相量过多，使物料易结大块而影响操作；如果含量过低，则产生液相量过少，使烧成困难，熟料易于“粉化”。所以在熟料生产中化验人员要对原料进行认真分析计算，作出科学合理的配料方案，指导熟料生产。</span><span style="color: green;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: green;">五、硅酸盐水泥熟料的矿物组成</span></strong></span><span style="color: green;">硅酸盐水泥熟料中的主要矿物有以下四种：C</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;">S、C</span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;">S、C</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;">A、</span><span style="color: green;">C</span><span style="color: green;">4</span><span style="color: green;">AF，另外还有少量的f-CaO、方镁石、含碱矿物、玻璃体。通常，</span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">熟料中C</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;">S+C</span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;">S含量75%左右，C</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;">A+C</span><span style="color: green;">4</span><span style="color: green;">AF含量22%左右。</span></span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">1、C</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;">S</span></span><span style="color: green;">C</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;">S含量通常占熟料的50%以上，其特点：</span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">水化较快，早</span><span style="color: green;">期强度高，强度增进率大，干缩性、抗冻性较好，但水化热较高，抗水性差，抗硫酸盐浸蚀能力较差。</span></span><span style="color: green;">C</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;">S形成需要较高的烧成温度和较长的烧成时间，含量过高，烧成困难，易导致 f-CaO增多，熟料质量下降。</span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">2、C</span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;">S</span></span><span style="color: green;">C</span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;">S含量通常分熟料的20%左右，其特点：</span><span style="color: green;">水化较慢，早期强度低，水化热低，体积干缩小，抗水性和抗硫盐日浸蚀能力好，后期强度增进快。</span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">3、C</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;">A</span></span><span style="color: green;">C</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;">A</span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">水化速度、凝结硬化很快，放热多，硬化快，早期强度</span><span style="color: green;">较高，但绝对值不高，后期几乎不再增长，甚至倒缩，C</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;">A干缩变形大，抗硫酸盐性能差，脆性大，耐磨性差。</span></span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">4、C</span><span style="color: green;">4</span><span style="color: green;">AF</span></span><span style="color: green;">C</span><span style="color: green;">4</span><span style="color: green;">AF</span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">水化速度早期介于C</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;">A与C</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;">S之间，早期强度类似于C</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;">A，</span><span style="color: green;">但后期还能不断增长，水化热低，干缩变形小，耐磨、抗冲击、抗硫酸盐浸蚀能力强。</span></span><span style="color: green;">5、f-CaO、MgO</span><span style="color: green;">f-CaO</span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">在高温下死烧形成，水化很慢，</span></span><span style="color: green;">一般加水3天后</span><span style="color: green;">才反应有尽有，</span><span style="color: green;">反应体积膨胀 97.9%产生应力，</span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">造成水泥石破坏。</span></span><span style="color: green;">MgO少量可与熟料矿物固溶，</span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">对降低烧成温度、增加液相数</span><span style="color: green;">量，改善熟料色泽有好处</span></span><span style="color: green;">，</span><span style="color: green;">但超过一定量后，未固溶部分水化很慢，要几个月甚至几年才与水反应，生产Mg(OH)</span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;">，体积膨胀148%，<span style="color: green;">导致水泥安定性不良。</span></span><span style="color: green;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: green;">六、硅酸盐水泥熟料的率值及其意义</span></strong></span><span style="color: green;">水泥性能主要来源于熟料的性能，决定熟料性能的是水泥熟</span><span style="color: green;">料的矿物组成，硅酸盐水泥熟料矿物由四种主要氧化物化合而</span><span style="color: green;">成，在一定条件下，各氧化物的含量和彼此之间的比例，是水泥</span><span style="color: green;">生产质量控制的基本要素。</span><span style="color: green;">因此，人们就想出了表示水泥中各氧</span><span style="color: green;">化物含量及彼此之间的关系，称为率值。</span><span style="color: green;">率值可以简明扼要地表</span><span style="color: green;">示水泥熟料性能及其对水泥煅烧的影响。</span><span style="color: green;">率值就是用来表示水泥熟料中多氧化物之间相对含量的系</span><span style="color: green;">数。</span><span style="color: green;">它是生产控制的一种指标。</span><span style="color: green;">我国目前一般采用，石灰饱和系数（KH）、硅酸率（SM）、铝</span><span style="color: green;">率（IM）。</span><span style="color: green;">1、饱和比</span><span style="color: green;">表示水泥熟料中氧化钙总量减去饱和酸性氧化</span><span style="color: green;">物（Al</span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;">O</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;">、Fe</span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;">O</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;">、SO</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;">）所需的氧化钙后，剩下的与二氧化硅化合的氧化钙的含量，与理论上二氧化硅与氧化钙全部化合生成硅酸三钙所需要氧化钙含量的比例。简言之，</span><span style="color: green;">KH表示熟料中二氧化硅被氧化钙饱和生产硅酸三钙的程度。</span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">KH=[（CaO-f-CaO）-1.65Al</span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;">O</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;">-0.35Fe</span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;">O</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;">-0.7SO</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;">]/2.8SiO</span><span style="color: green;">2</span></span><span style="color: green;">当IM＞0.64时，KH=<span style="color: green;">[</span>CaO-1.65Al</span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;">O</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;">-0.35Fe</span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;">O</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">]</span>/2.8SiO</span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;">当IM＜ 0.64时，KH=<span style="color: green;">[</span>CaO-1.10Al</span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;">O</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;">-0.7Fe</span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;">O</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">]</span>/2.8SiO</span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;">水硬率: HM=CaO/（SiO</span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;">+Al</span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;">O</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;">+Fe</span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;">O</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;">）</span><span style="color: green;">石灰系数：LSF=CaO/（2.8SiO</span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;">+1.18Al</span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;">O</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;">+0.65Fe</span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;">O</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;">）</span><span style="color: green;">2、硅酸率</span><span style="color: green;">又称硅率，以n表示，欧美以SM表示。</span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">表示熟料硅酸盐矿</span><span style="color: green;">物与熔剂矿物的比值。</span></span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">SM=SiO</span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;">/(Al</span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;">O</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;">+Fe</span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;">O</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;">)</span></span><span style="color: green;">SM高，则硅酸盐矿物多，对水泥熟料强度有利，但熔剂矿物少，</span><span style="color: green;">液相量少，会给煅烧造成困难，SM过低，则对熟料强度不利，</span><span style="color: green;">且熔剂矿物多，易结圈等，不利于煅烧。</span><span style="color: green;">3、铝氧率</span><span style="color: green;">又称铝率或铁率。以P表示，欧美以IM表示，</span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">熟料中C</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;">A</span><span style="color: green;">与C</span><span style="color: green;">4</span><span style="color: green;">AF之间比值。</span></span><span style="color: green;">公式为：</span><span style="color: green;"><span style="color: green;">IM=Al</span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;">O</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;">/Fe</span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;">O</span><span style="color: green;">3</span></span><span style="color: green;">IM过高，意为C</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;">A多，C</span><span style="color: green;">4</span><span style="color: green;">AF少，液相粘度增加，对煅烧及水</span><span style="color: green;">泥性能都造成较大的影响。</span><span style="color: green;">如 IM 过低，则 C</span><span style="color: green;">4</span><span style="color: green;">AF多，液相粘度小，</span><span style="color: green;">易结大块等。</span><span style="color: green;">4、矿物组成及换算</span><span style="color: green;">当IM＞0.64</span><span style="color: green;">C</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;">S=3.8SiO</span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;"> (3KH-2)</span><span style="color: green;">C</span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;">S=8.61SiO</span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;"> (1-KH)</span><span style="color: green;">C</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><span style="color: green;">A=2.65(A-0.64F)</span><span style="color: green;">C</span><span style="color: green;">4</span><span style="color: green;">AF=3.04Fe</span><span style="color: green;">2</span><span style="color: green;">O</span><span style="color: green;">3</span><p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 30px;"><span style="color: green;">来源：水泥资料</span></p>
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